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A stock exchange is a marketplace where investors can buy and sell securities, including stocks, bonds, derivatives, commodities and other financial instruments. This is the most powerful component of the financial market. Also, it serves as a measure of the economy’s health and a key indicator of the world’s economic strength.
The stock exchange gives membership to designated brokers and members who act as intermediaries to carry out buying and selling securities transactions. Also, it ensures compliance related to fair trade policies and transaction activities. Furthermore, the stock exchange comprises different indices which reflect the country’s financial health.
Today, there are roughly 80 major stock exchanges worth a combined $110.2 trillion in value. The world’s top two exchanges, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Nasdaq, command 42.4% of global market capitalization. Despite the rapid growth of emerging economies, the U.S. continues to lead capital markets by a wide margin—even as countries such as India see considerable growth, surpassing the UK in 2023.
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The NYSE ($25.0 trillion) and the tech-heavy Nasdaq ($21.7 trillion) are home to many of the world’s most valuable firms, from Apple to Nvidia. Since 2016, the NYSE has grown 35.1% while the Nasdaq has ballooned 189.3% in market cap.
The vast majority of companies in the S&P 500 Index, often seen as a barometer for U.S. stock market performance, are traded on these exchanges. With $7.2 trillion in market cap, Euronext is the world’s third-largest exchange. Since Brexit, the pan-European exchange has attracted more capital and by early 2021, it outranked the London Stock Exchange. Over the last two decades, London’s stock market has fallen from 13% to 4% of the global share.
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Ranking fourth is the Shanghai Stock Exchange, at $6.7 trillion in market cap. Beverage giant Kweichow Moutai, ICBC, and PetroChina are the largest companies traded on the exchange.
Like China, as India’s economy has continued to expand, so has its primary stock market. As the twelfth-largest globally, it’s worth $3.5 trillion in market cap, growing over 133% in market value since 2016.African stock exchanges have an overall market capitalization of about $1.6 trillion which makes up about 2% of the global stock market capitalization. And has about 28-member stock exchanges covering 38 countries with over 2,400 listed companies.
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